List of IllustrationsĪuthors typically include a list of the illustrations in the paper with longer documents. More information on creating a table of contents can be found in the Table of Contents Guide (SHSU) from the Newton Gresham Library at Sam Houston State University. Here is an example of a table of contents:ĪBSTRACT.iii Additionally, because authors will normally use Arabic numerals (e.g., 1, 2, 3) to number the pages of the body of the research paper (starting with the introduction), the table of contents will use Arabic numerals to identify the main sections of the body of the paper (the introduction, literature review, methods, results, discussion, conclusion, references, and appendices). As such, the table of contents will use lower-case roman numbers to identify the elements of the paper prior to the body of the report, appendix, and reference page. Normally, authors number any pages before the table of contents as well as the lists of illustrations/tables/figures using lower-case roman numerals. Listings in the table of contents typically match the headings in the paper.
The table of contents provides the reader with the outline and location of specific aspects of your document. See the KU Writing Center Writing Guide on Abstracts for detailed information about creating an abstract.
For more information on creating keywords, refer to this Springer research publication guide. Select these words with consideration of how prospective readers might attempt to access your document. When possible, incorporate them into the title. In addition, data base retrieval systems often work with keywords extracted from the title or from a list the author supplies. The second part of the title tells the reader the specific focus of the research. The first phrase draws the reader in – it is creative and interesting. “Lions, Tigers, and Bears, Oh My!: The Effects of Large Predators on Livestock Yields.” This phrase is followed by a more direct and specific explanation of your project. A common practice for titles is to use a two-phrase title where the first phrase is a broad reference to the topic to catch the reader’s attention. The Complete Discipline Listing Guide (Purdue OWL) provides information on the most common style guide for each discipline, but be sure to check with your instructor.
Many scientists write papers to investigate a hypothesis (a statement to be tested.)Īlthough the precise order of research elements may vary somewhat according to the specific task, most include the following elements:Ĭheck your assignment for guidance on which formatting style is required. Their research often consists of direct and indirect observation in the laboratory or in the field. Though writers in any discipline may conduct original research, scientists and social scientists in particular are interested in controlled investigation and inquiry. Typically an original research paper builds on the existing research on a topic, addresses a specific question, presents the findings according to a standard structure (described below), and suggests questions for further research and investigation. In other words, the claim of the paper should be debatable and should be your (the researcher’s) own original idea. An original research paper should present a unique argument of your own.
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